'use server'

React Server Components

'use server'使用 React 服务器组件 一起使用。

¥'use server' is for use with using React Server Components.

'use server' 标记可以从客户端代码调用的服务器端函数。

¥'use server' marks server-side functions that can be called from client-side code.


参考

¥Reference

'use server'

在异步函数体的顶部添加 'use server' 以将该函数标记为可由客户端调用。我们将这些功能称为 服务器函数

¥Add 'use server' at the top of an async function body to mark the function as callable by the client. We call these functions Server Functions.

async function addToCart(data) {
'use server';
// ...
}

在客户端上调用服务器函数时,它将向服务器发出网络请求,其中包含传递的任何参数的序列化副本。如果服务器函数返回一个值,则该值将被序列化并返回给客户端。

¥When calling a Server Function on the client, it will make a network request to the server that includes a serialized copy of any arguments passed. If the Server Function returns a value, that value will be serialized and returned to the client.

你无需单独使用 'use server' 标记函数,而是可以将指令添加到文件顶部,以将该文件中的所有导出标记为可在任何地方使用的服务器函数,包括导入到客户端代码中。

¥Instead of individually marking functions with 'use server', you can add the directive to the top of a file to mark all exports within that file as Server Functions that can be used anywhere, including imported in client code.

注意事项

¥Caveats

  • 'use server' 必须位于其函数或模块的最开头;高于任何其他代码,包括导入(指令上方的注释都可以)。它们必须用单引号或双引号编写,而不是反引号。

    ¥'use server' must be at the very beginning of their function or module; above any other code including imports (comments above directives are OK). They must be written with single or double quotes, not backticks.

  • 'use server' 只能在服务器端文件中使用。生成的服务器函数可以通过属性传递给客户端组件。请参阅支持的 序列化类型

    ¥'use server' can only be used in server-side files. The resulting Server Functions can be passed to Client Components through props. See supported types for serialization.

  • 要从 客户端代码 导入服务器函数,必须在模块级别使用该指令。

    ¥To import a Server Functions from client code, the directive must be used on a module level.

  • 由于底层网络调用始终是异步的,因此 'use server' 只能用于异步函数。

    ¥Because the underlying network calls are always asynchronous, 'use server' can only be used on async functions.

  • 始终将服务器函数的参数视为不受信任的输入并授权任何修改。参见 安全考虑

    ¥Always treat arguments to Server Functions as untrusted input and authorize any mutations. See security considerations.

  • 服务器函数应在 转换 中调用。传递给 <form action>formAction 的服务器函数将在转换中自动调用。

    ¥Server Functions should be called in a Transition. Server Functions passed to <form action> or formAction will automatically be called in a transition.

  • 服务器函数专为更新服务器端状态的突变而设计;不建议将它们用于数据获取。因此,实现服务器函数的框架通常一次处理一个操作,并且没有办法缓存返回值。

    ¥Server Functions are designed for mutations that update server-side state; they are not recommended for data fetching. Accordingly, frameworks implementing Server Functions typically process one action at a time and do not have a way to cache the return value.

安全考虑

¥Security considerations

服务器函数的参数完全由客户端控制。为了安全起见,请始终将它们视为不受信任的输入,并确保适当地验证和转义参数。

¥Arguments to Server Functions are fully client-controlled. For security, always treat them as untrusted input, and make sure to validate and escape arguments as appropriate.

在任何服务器函数中,请确保验证已登录用户是否被允许执行该操作。

¥In any Server Function, make sure to validate that the logged-in user is allowed to perform that action.

开发中

为了防止从服务器函数发送敏感数据,有实验性的污点 API 来防止将唯一值和对象传递给客户端代码。

¥To prevent sending sensitive data from a Server Function, there are experimental taint APIs to prevent unique values and objects from being passed to client code.

参见 experimental_taintUniqueValueexperimental_taintObjectReference

¥See experimental_taintUniqueValue and experimental_taintObjectReference.

可序列化的参数和返回值

¥Serializable arguments and return values

由于客户端代码通过网络调用服务器函数,因此传递的任何参数都需要可序列化。

¥Since client code calls the Server Function over the network, any arguments passed will need to be serializable.

以下是服务器函数参数支持的类型:

¥Here are supported types for Server Function arguments:

值得注意的是,这些不受支持:

¥Notably, these are not supported:

  • React 元素,或 JSX

    ¥React elements, or JSX

  • 函数,包括组件函数或任何其他非服务器函数的函数

    ¥Functions, including component functions or any other function that is not a Server Function

  • ¥Classes

  • 作为任何类(除了提到的内置类之外)实例的对象或具有 空原型 的对象

    ¥Objects that are instances of any class (other than the built-ins mentioned) or objects with a null prototype

  • 未在全局注册的符号,例如。Symbol('my new symbol')

    ¥Symbols not registered globally, ex. Symbol('my new symbol')

  • 来自事件处理程序的事件

    ¥Events from event handlers

对于边界客户端组件,支持的可序列化返回值与 可序列化的属性 相同。

¥Supported serializable return values are the same as serializable props for a boundary Client Component.

用法

¥Usage

表单中的服务器函数

¥Server Functions in forms

服务器函数最常见的用例是调用改变数据的函数。在浏览器上,HTML 表单元素 是用户提交突变的传统方法。借助 React Server Components,React 在 forms 中引入了对服务器函数作为操作的一流支持。

¥The most common use case of Server Functions will be calling functions that mutate data. On the browser, the HTML form element is the traditional approach for a user to submit a mutation. With React Server Components, React introduces first-class support for Server Functions as Actions in forms.

这是一个允许用户请求用户名的表单。

¥Here is a form that allows a user to request a username.

// App.js

async function requestUsername(formData) {
'use server';
const username = formData.get('username');
// ...
}

export default function App() {
return (
<form action={requestUsername}>
<input type="text" name="username" />
<button type="submit">Request</button>
</form>
);
}

在此示例中,requestUsername 是传递给 <form> 的服务器函数。当用户提交此表单时,就会向服务器功能 requestUsername 发出网络请求。在表单中调用服务器函数时,React 将提供表单的 FormData 作为服务器函数的第一个参数。

¥In this example requestUsername is a Server Function passed to a <form>. When a user submits this form, there is a network request to the server function requestUsername. When calling a Server Function in a form, React will supply the form’s FormData as the first argument to the Server Function.

通过将服务器函数传递给表单 action,React 可以 逐步增强 表单。这意味着可以在加载 JavaScript 包之前提交表单。

¥By passing a Server Function to the form action, React can progressively enhance the form. This means that forms can be submitted before the JavaScript bundle is loaded.

处理表单中的返回值

¥Handling return values in forms

在用户名请求表单中,用户名可能不可用。requestUsername 应该告诉我们它是否失败。

¥In the username request form, there might be the chance that a username is not available. requestUsername should tell us if it fails or not.

要根据服务器函数的结果更新 UI,同时支持渐进式增强,请使用 useActionState

¥To update the UI based on the result of a Server Function while supporting progressive enhancement, use useActionState.

// requestUsername.js
'use server';

export default async function requestUsername(formData) {
const username = formData.get('username');
if (canRequest(username)) {
// ...
return 'successful';
}
return 'failed';
}
// UsernameForm.js
'use client';

import { useActionState } from 'react';
import requestUsername from './requestUsername';

function UsernameForm() {
const [state, action] = useActionState(requestUsername, null, 'n/a');

return (
<>
<form action={action}>
<input type="text" name="username" />
<button type="submit">Request</button>
</form>
<p>Last submission request returned: {state}</p>
</>
);
}

请注意,与大多数钩子一样,useActionState 只能在 客户端代码 中调用。

¥Note that like most Hooks, useActionState can only be called in client code.

<form> 之外调用服务器函数

¥Calling a Server Function outside of <form>

服务器函数是公开的服务器端点,可以在客户端代码中的任何位置调用。

¥Server Functions are exposed server endpoints and can be called anywhere in client code.

form 之外使用服务器函数时,调用 转换 中的服务器函数,这允许你显示加载指示器、显示 乐观状态更新 和处理意外错误。表单将自动将服务器函数封装在转换中。

¥When using a Server Function outside a form, call the Server Function in a Transition, which allows you to display a loading indicator, show optimistic state updates, and handle unexpected errors. Forms will automatically wrap Server Functions in transitions.

import incrementLike from './actions';
import { useState, useTransition } from 'react';

function LikeButton() {
const [isPending, startTransition] = useTransition();
const [likeCount, setLikeCount] = useState(0);

const onClick = () => {
startTransition(async () => {
const currentCount = await incrementLike();
setLikeCount(currentCount);
});
};

return (
<>
<p>Total Likes: {likeCount}</p>
<button onClick={onClick} disabled={isPending}>Like</button>;
</>
);
}
// actions.js
'use server';

let likeCount = 0;
export default async function incrementLike() {
likeCount++;
return likeCount;
}

要读取服务器函数返回值,你需要 await 返回的 promise。

¥To read a Server Function return value, you’ll need to await the promise returned.


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